The Queen at the Council FireThe Queen at the Council Fire

In the summer of 1764, Sir William Johnson (Superintendent of Indian Affairs) and more than two thousand chiefs representing twenty-four First Nations met on the shores of the Niagara River to negotiate the Treaty of Niagara--an agreement between the British Crown and Canada's Indigenous peoples. This Treaty, symbolized by the Covenant Chain Wampum, is seen by many Indigenous peoples as the birth of modern Canada, despite the fact that it has been mostly ignored by successive Canadian governments. This book examines the whole of the Covenant Chain relationship since 1764.